LIS Notes for Competitive Examinations 13 : Indicator Digits in 7th edition of Colon Classification

Symbol	Name of the Indicator Digit	Role of the Indicator Digit
*	Asterisk	Indicates Agglomeration and Interpolation
←	Backward arrow	Indicates backward range
→	Forward arrow	Indicates forward range
"	Double inverted comma	Indicates common isolates
&	Ampersand	Indicate phase relation
'	Single inverted comma	Indicate time facet
.	Dot	Indicates space facet
:	Colon	Indicates energy facet
;	Semicolon	Indicates matter facet
,	Comma	Indicates personality facet
-	Hyphen	Indicates spectator of kind 1
=	Equal sign	Indicates spectator of kind 2
+	Plus sign	And, addition

LIS Notes for Competitive Examinations 12 : Mapping of subjects in Colon Classification

z - Generalia

1 - Universe of Knowledge

2 - Library Science

3 - Book Science

4 - Mass Communication

8 - Management

A - Natual Sciences

B - Mathematics

C - Physics

D - Engineering

E - Chemistry

F - Technology

G - Biology

H - Geology

I - Botany

J - Agriculture

K - Zoology

L - Medicine

M - Useful Arts

Δ - Spiritual Experince and Mystisicm

N - Fine Arts

O - Literature

P - Languages

Q - Religion

R - Phylosophy

S - Psychology

T - Education

U - Geography

V - History

W - Political Sciences

X - Economics

Y - Sociology

Z - LaW

LIS Notes for Competitive Examinations 11 : Notation system in Colon Classification

The notations are symbols used to represent subjects in a classification system. In colon Classification mixed notation is used. It include;

• 23 Roman small letters - a to z (i,l and o are excluded)

• 10 Indo-Arabic numerals - 0 to 9

• 26 Roman Capital Letters - A to Z

• Bracketed numbers ( Numbers in Parenthesis) - Part of a class number derived by subject device will be bracketed numbers. For example - for the subject 'Hindu Law' the class number is Z, (Q,2). here 'Z' is the number for Law, the Basic Class and (Q,2) is for Hindu Religion, the number has derived via

• Indicator digits like * ” ← ) & ‘ . ; ,-= + → (

Empty Digit

To increase the capacity of an Array ( The classes having co-ordinate status) Colon Classification has introduced empty digits. Z, 0 (Zero) and 9 are used to represent empty digits. They has no semantic value but possessing ordinal value.

LIS Notes for Competitive Examinations 10 : Colon Classification Introduction

Colon Classification (CC) was developed by Dr. S R Ranganathan in 1933.

It is the first ever faceted classification or analytico-synthetic classification.

Its name "colon classification" comes from the use of colons to separate facets in class numbers. there was only one symbol colon in earlier editions.

There were seven editions since 1987. The first six editions were edited by Dr S R Ranganathan himself and the seventh edition was edited by Professor M.A. Gopinath.

 

Editions of Colon Classification

• First edition- CC was developed from 1924 to 1928 and initally used in Madras University. It was first published in 1933 by Madras Library Association. It has three distinct part;

  127 pages of rules explaining the underlying principles

  135 pages of Schedule

  106 pages of Index
  

• The second edition in1939.The edition added a part 4 which contained about 3000 examples, which were illustrated in the rules given in the Rule part.  A new main class 8 Spiritual Experience and  Mysticism introduced.
  

• The third edition in 1950. Different kind of phase relations with connecting symbols introduced.
  

• The fourth edition in 1952. In this edition the facets PMEST ( Personality, Matter, Energy, Space and Time) introduced for the first time.

• The fifth editon in 1957. This edition was proposed as two volumes of basic and depth versions, but only basic version only was published.A new part was introduced giving details for phase and inter-facet relation was given as chapter - 7.Empty and emptying digits were introduced.
  

• The sisth edition in 1960. It was republished in 1963 with some amendments. It is the most popular and stable edition of CC.
  

• The seventh edition in 1987. The only edition which was note edited by Dr. S R Ranganathan and edited by Professor M.A. Gopinath. The are five parts in this edition;

  Part A - Introduction 

  Part B - Guidelines to the Beginner  

  Part C - General Rules

  Part D - General Division and  Common Isolates

  Part E - Special Isolates
  

  
  

  Three versions of Colon Classification

• Rigidly Faceted Era: The first three editions of Colon Classification (1933,1939, 1950) is known as rigidly faceted era. In these editions the facet formula was rigid and predetermined. The colon was the only connecting symbol for all the facets.

• Analytico -synthetic Era: Fourth, Fifth and Sixth (1952,1957,1960) editions of CC is known as Analytico -synthetic Era. The PMEST were introduced and different connecting symbols were introduced for each facet.

• Freely Faceted Era: The 1963 and 1987 editions are known as freely faceted era. During this period the CC became more flexible. 

   

LIS Notes for Competitive Examinations 9 : Library Classification Introduction

The word Classification derived from the Latin word Classis.

The Library Classification used in the arrangement of documents in the library and the catalogue of it. While Bibliographic Classification is a scheme of classification which use to arrange all bibliographic databases.

Definitions

• Margaret Mann defines "Classification is the act of arranging things according to their likeness and unlikeness. It is a sorting or grouping of things."

• According to Richardson "Classification is putting together like things."

• Berwick Sayers defines library Classification as "The arrangement of books on shelves or description of them, in a manner which is the most useful to those who read."

• New Encyclopedias Britannica defines library classification as "a system of arrangement adopted by a library to enable patrons to find its material quickly and easily."

The purpose of library Classification : Helpful sequence, Correct replacement, Mechanised arrangement, Addition of new documents, weeding out, preparation of library catalogue, preparation of Index, etc 

Division of Subjects (Universe of knowledge)

• Basic subject: A subject without any isolate idea as components. Example - Mathematics, Physics, History, Library and Information Science, etc.

• Compound subject: A subject with a basic subject and one or more isolate ideas as components. Example- Mining of Coal, History of Literature, Treatment in Ayurveda, etc

• Complex subject: A subject formed by coupling two or more subjects expounding, or on the basis of some relation between them. According to Ranganathan, “if a document or a work deals with or contains description of interrelationship, comparison, etc. among two or more basic subjects or compound then such a subject of the work or document is deemed to be of type complex subject.” Example - Statistics if Election in India, Impact of Space Science in Agriculture, Education in Economic Growth, etc.

In a Library Classification System notations are used to represent subject of documents to be arranged, in order to get an ordinal sequence. A notation is an ordered serial number of symbols representing terms or subjects.

Dr. S.R. Ranganathan, defines notational system as “a system of ordinal numbers used to represent the classes in a scheme for classification”.

Types of Library Classification

• Universal Classification Schemes : Covers all subjects (Universe of Knowledge). Example Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), Library of Congress Classification (LCC), etc.
• Specific Classification Schemes: Classification for  a particular subject area or group of subject or for a particular types of materials. Example: National Library of Medicine Classification (for Medicine), British Catalogue for Music Classification ( for Music), Dickinson Classification (for Music), Iconclass (for Art), etc.
• National Schemes: A classification scheme specially designed for a country is come under National Schemes. Example: Swedish Library Classification System

 

According to functional formation of classification system it can be  classified as ;

• Enumerative  System: Subject headings are arranged alphabetically and numbers are given to each subject.Example Library of Congress Classification System.
• Hierarchical: The subjects are arranged hierarchically from most general to most specific. Example: Dewey Decimal Classification
• Faceted Classification / Analytico Synthetic Classification: Subjects are arranged as facets and the class number is formed by synthesizing them according to specific  rules. Example Colon Classification , Universal Decimal Classification. 

LIS Notes for Competitive Examinations 8: Year Wise Development of Library and Information Science in the World

1440: Bibliothec Nationale, Paris (National Library, France).

1800: Library of Congress, USA.

1810: American Patent Law.

1850: First library act was enacted in Great Britain.

1852: British Patent Law.

1852: Roget’s Thesaurus.

1862: State Lenin Library, Moscow.

1876: Cutter’s Rules for a Printed Dictionary Catalogue.

1876: American Library Association (ALA).

1876: Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) by Melvil Dewey.

1876: First Journal of Librarianship was published.

1877: Library Association (LA), UK was formed.

1879: Expansive Classification by C. A. Cutter.

1886: Berne convention was adopted.

1895: Browne charging system.

1898: Library of Congress Subject Headings.

1904: Library of Congress Classification.

1905: The first edition of Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) was published.

1906: Subject Classification by J. D. Brown.

1908: Author and Title Entries. (Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR) first published.

1909: Special Library Association (SLA).

1911: Kaisers systematic Indexing.

1912: National Library, Germany.

1923: Sears List of Subject Headings (SLSH).

1924: Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureau (ASLIB).

1927: International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA).

1931: International Institute of Documentation was established.

1931: Melville Dewey Passed away.

1932: Electrically operated book charging system firstly introduced.

1934: Headquarter of International Federation of Documentation (FID) was shifted from Brussels to The Hague.

1935: Bibliographic Classification by H. E. Bliss.

1937: International Institute of Documentation changed to International Federation of Documentation.0

1945: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

1948: Bradford formulated the law of scattering.

1948: National Diet Library, Japan.

1949: The UNESCO Public Library Manifesto first issued.

1950: Relational Indexing.

1951: The Wheat loan Educational Exchange Programme.

1952: Universal Copyright Conventions.

1953: UNITERM Indexing.

1954: Peter F. Drucker defined Management by Objectives (MBO).

1957: System analysis has been used first by H. Khan and Mann of RAND Corporation.

1958: Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) was developed.

1961: International Conference on Cataloging Principles, Paris.

1961: International Classification by F. Rider.

1963: Coats Subject Indexing.

1964: POPSI.

1966: Machine Readable Cataloguing (MARC).

1967: Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules – I (AACR-I).

1967: Machine Readable Cataloguing (MARC) project completed.

1967: World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) was established by the WIPO Convention.

1967: Online Computer Library Centre (OCLC).

1969: The term “Bibliometrics” was coined by Alan Pritchard.

1970: The American Society for Information Science (ASIS) organized its annual meeting around the theme “the information conscious society”.

1970: Zero Base Budgeting system was first prepared.

1971: International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD).

1971: UNISIST Programme.

1971: Berne Convention and Universal Copyright Convention was revised in Paris.

1972: International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) took up the “Universal Availability of Publication” program.

1972: International Book Year celebrated by UNESCO.

1972: The UNESCO Public Library Manifesto which was issued in 1949 got revised.

1973: Social Science Citation Index.

1974: International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD).

1974: Research Library Group (RLG)

1974: Universal Bibliographic Control (UBC).

1974: PRECIS.

1974: Science Citation Index.

1976: Universal Availability of Publications (UAP).

1977: Universal Machine Readable Catalogue (UNIMARC) was developed by IFLA.

1978: Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules – II (AACR-II).

1978: Arts & Humanities Citation Index.

1984: Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model.

1984: Common Communication Format (CCF).

1985: CD-ROM was prepared and made.

1985: CDS/ISIS.

1986: Information Society program for Latin America and The Caribbean (INFOLAC).

1988: Anglo American Cataloging Rules, 2nd edition revised (AACR2 R)

1990: Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) was first started in Singapore.

1993: Project MUSE, an online database of more than 200 journals from nonprofit publishers was launched.

1994: The UNESCO Public Library Manifesto revised second time.

1994: Orbicom, the international network of UNESCO chairs in communications.

1995: Journal Storage (J-Store) was launched.

1995: Origin of Dublin Core Metadata.

1997: Consortium of University Research Libraries (CURL).

1997: GreenStone digital library softwear.

1998: China Academic Library & Information System.

1999: Global Network for Education in Journalism.

2000: EPrints Software.

2000: KOHA Software.

2002: Chartered institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP) was formed.

2002: DSpace Software.

2002: FID  was dissolved.

2007: ISBN changed from 10 digits to 13 digit.

2010: ASLIB was acquired by MCB group, the holding company for emerald group publishing.

2011: DDC 23rd edition was published

2012: DDC Abridged edition -15 was published.

LIS Notes for Competitive Examinations 7 : Year Wise Development of Library and Information Science in India

 1774: Rampur Raza Library, Uttar Pradesh.

1808: Funds for the encouragement of literature.

1829: Thiruvananthapuram Public Library

1835: Kolkata Public Library.

1856: Intellectual Property Right Act.

1860: Connemara Public Library.

1867: The Press and Registration of Books Act was enacted.

1891: Khuda Baksha Oriental Public Library.

1896: Connemara Library became public library.

1910: A. W. Borden starts a refresher course for librarians in India.

1911: The Design Act.

1914: The Andhra Desa Library Association was founded.

1914: Andhra Pradesh Library Association.

1917: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune.

1918: Sarasvati Mahal Library, Thanjavoor.

1921: Maharashtra Library Association.

1925: Bengal Library Association.

1928: Madras Library Association.

1929: Punjab Library Association.

1929: Karnataka Library Association.

1931: ‘Five Laws of Library Science’ was first published.

1931: Samastha Kerala Pustakalaya Samiti.

1933: Colon Classification (CC) was first published.

1933: India Library Association (ILA).

1936: Bihar Library Association.

1938: Assam Library Association.

1944: Utkal Library Association.

1945: Kerala Library Association.

1947: Indian National Bibliography first appeared.

1947: National Medical Library, New Delhi.

1948: Tamil Nadu (formerly Madras) Public Libraries Act.

1951: Delhi Public Library.

1951: National Library of India.

1951: Uttar Pradesh Library Association.

1951: Hyderabad Library Association.

1953: Gujarat Library Association.

1953: Delhi Library Association.

1954: The Delivery of Books (Public Libraries) Act was passed.

1955: Hyderabad public libraries Act.

1955: Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centre (IASLIC) was founded.

1956: Delivery of Books (Public Libraries Act) 1954 was amended.

1957: Indian Library Association (ILA) became the member of International Federation of Library                 Associations      and Institutions (IFLA).

1957: Indian National Bibliography (INB) first appeared.

1957: Madhya Bharat Library Association.

1958: First Ph.D in the Library and Information Science in India.

1960: Andhra Pradesh Public Libraries Act.

1961: Gomantak Library Association.

1962: Rajasthan Library Association.

1962: Dr. S. R. Ranganathan was appointed as a National research professor of Library science.

1962: Documentation Research and Training Centre (DRTC), Bangalore.

1965: Karnataka Public Library Act.

1966: Jammu & Kashmir Library Association.

1967: Maharashtra Public Libraries Act.

1967: Tripura Library Association.

1972: Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation (RRRLF) was established.

1977: NICNET

1979: West Bengal Public Libraries Act.

1985: Committee On Library and Information Science (CONPOLIS India) was set up.

1986: ERNET.

1986: National Information Policy.

1986: CALIBNET.

1987: Mizoram Library Association.

1987: Manipur Library Association.

1988: Manipur Public Libraries Act.

1988: INFLIBNET.

1989: Haryana Public Libraries Act.

1989: Kerala Public Libraries Act.

1992: DELNET.

1993: Goa Public Libraries Act.

1993: MALIBNET.

1993: ADINET.

1993: Mizoram Public Libraries Act

1993: UGC Curriculum Development Committee.

1994: MYLIBNET.

1994: Meghalaya Library Association.

1996: Nagaland Library Association.

2000: Information Technology Act.

2000: SOUL Software.

2002: UGC INFONET.

2002: Gujarat Public Libraries Act.

2002: Orissa Public Library Act.

2003: HELINET.

2005: Uttaranchal Public Libraries Act.

2006: Rajasthan Public Libraries Act.

2006: Uttar Pradesh Library Act.

2007: National Knowledge Commission on Libraries.

2007: NEWGENLIB.

2011: International Standard Book Number (ISBN) allocation office in India shifted from Kolkatta to Delhi.

LIS Notes for Competitive Examinations 6: First in Library and Information Science in India

First Bachelor of Library Science Course was introduced at Aligarh Muslim University.

First five years integrated course in LIS was introduced at Calcutta University.

The First and Oldest University Library were established in British India - Calcutta University.

The first university in India where library committee is formed- Calcutta University.

First Public Library in India Thiruvananthapuram Public Library ( The Kerala State Central Library ) in 1829.

The first Library Network to provide e-mail service in the country - DELNET

First University to introduce, M.Lib.Sc., M.Phil, and Ph.D. in LIS in India - Delhi University.

The first center to use the computer in the library and information activities in India- DRTC Bangalore.

First e-mail service in India provided by - ERNET.

First social network for Indian Library and Information Science professionals - LIS Links.

First Public Library Act in independent India - Madras (1948)

First PG Diploma in Library science was introduced by Madras University.

The first library noticed in India - Sravasti (U.P).

LIS Notes for Competitive Examinations 5 : Madras (Tamilnadu) Public Libraries Act

 MadrasPublic Libraries Act was passed in the year 1948.

It is the first Act for the public libraries in Independent India.

The Act came in to effect in 1 April 1950.

The Connemara Public Library, Chennai,  became the first library to come under the purview of this act, as a "State central library". 

The Connemara Public Library was started in 1869 and became public library in 1896.

Nine District Libraries were came under the purview of this Act during first five year plan 1951-1956

The Madras Public Libraries Act became Tamilnadu Public Libraries Act in 1956, subsequent to the reorganization of states, and came in to effect from 1957. All the public libraries came under the Act till then.

The act was enacted based on research and activity by Dr S R Ranganathan and the Madras Library Association (founded in 1928).

The Madras Public Libraries Act has 19 sections.

The Madras Public Libraries Act provides for overall governance by a State Library Committee presided over by the Education Minister for the State. 

In 1972 a separate Department for Libraries was created in Tamilnadu.

Revenue is obtained via a cess, a tax which is collected by local administrative bodies such as the municipalities and panchayaths. It is 5% of the property tax.

Two levels of administrative structure  District Library Authority and State Library Authority to look after the library system of the state.

The Act amended the section 9 of  Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867. All publishers within the State are required to provide five copies of their output to the State government, which in turn passes on four of those copies to the State Central Library.

Organisational Structure of Public Libraries

LIS Notes for Competitive Examinations 4 : One word questions

  Who is the publisher of Philosophical Transactions?

Royal Society of London

Which is the current parent organisation of JSTOR?

Ithaka Harbors, Inc.

WorldCat is maintained by ______.

OCLC

The Union Catalogue WorldCat by OCLC was founded in _______.

1998

When did UNIMARC bibliographic format was created by IFLA?

1977

Which Bibliographic law describes the frequency of publication by the author?

Lotka's Law (1926)

Who coined the term 'Informatics'?

Otto Nache (1979)

Who coined the term 'Bibliometrics'?

Alan Pritchard (1969)

Who coined the term 'Librametrics' ?

Dr S R Ranganathan(1948)

Who coined the term 'Scientometrics'?

Tibor Braun (1977)

GK Notes1: Crop seasons in India

In India agriculture is depend on monsoon. These seasons can be divided into to three viz Kharif, Rabi and Zaid.

Kharif crops are usually sown with the beginning of the first rains towards the end of May in the southern state of Kerala during the advent of south-west monsoon season. As the monsoon rains advance towards the north India, the sowing dates vary accordingly and reach July in north Indian states. Rice, millet, maize, moong, turmeric, groundnut, cotton,etc. are cultivating during this season.

Rabi crops are  are agricultural crops sown in winter and harvested in the spring. The word Rabi is Arabic origin which means spring. The rabi crops are sown around mid-November, after the monsoon rains are over, and harvesting begins in April/May. The crops are grown either with rainwater that has percolated into the ground, or with irrigation. A good rain in winter spoils the rabi crops but is good for kharif crops. Major crops during this season are wheat, oat, barley, linseed, sesame, cumin, coriander, mustard, fennel, pea, onion, tomato, potato, etc.

In the short duration between Rabi and Kharif crop season, mainly from March to June, are called Said crops. These crops are grown mainly in the summer season during a period . Examples watermelon,c cucumber, muskmelon, sunflower sugarcane.

Certificate Course in School Library

 

National Webinar on Information Sources in Juvenile Justice

 

LIS Notes for Competitive Examinations 3 : Library Legislation - Model Library Bill by Dr. S R Ranganathan

By adapting the public library system in London Dr. S R Ranganathan studied to implement such a system in India and the result of the study was presented at the First All Asia Educational Conference in 1930, Benares. This report included a proposed Model Library Act.

The features of the bill are;

1. Model Libraries Act will provide a system of public libraries for the city, rural and other areas.

2. Minister of Education shall be the State Library Authority ( S L A). It shall be the duty of the State Library Authority to provide for adequate library service in the State.

3. Constitution of a State Library Committee for the purpose of advising the State Library Authority on all matters arising under the Act.

4. Constitution of a Local Library Authority (LLA) for each city and one for each district.

5. The State Library Authority and Government, and a Local Library Authority may raise the library rate in such a manner and at such cess as may be determined from time to time.

This bill was attempted to introduce in West Bengal in 1931 and Madras in 1933. But it could not be enacted due to some compulsory clauses. Dr. S R Rangananthan revised the bill in 1957 as Model Public Libraries Act and later revised in 1972.

LIS Notes for Competitive Examinations 2 : Public Libraries Acts in India

1. The Tamil Nadu Public Libraries Act, 1948.
2. Andhra Pradesh Public Libraries Act, 1960.
3. Karnataka Public Libraries Act, 1965.
4. The Maharashtra Public Libraries Act, 1967.
5. The West Bengal Public Libraries Act, 1979.
6. Manipur Public Libraries Act, 1988.
7. Kerala Public Libraries Act, 1989.
8. Haryana Public Libraries Act, 1989.  
9. Mizoram Public Libraries Act, 1993
10. Goa Public Libraries Act, 1993
11. Gujarat Public Libraries Act, 2001.
12. Orrisa Public Libraries Act, 2002.
13. Uttaranchal Public Libraries Act, 2005.
14. Uttar Pradesh Public Libraries Act, 2006.
15. Rajasthan Public Libraries Act, 2006.
16. Lakshadweep Public Libraries Act, 2007.
17. Bihar Public Libraries Act, 2008.
18. Chattisgarh Public Libraries Act, 2008.
19. Arunachal Pradesh Public Libraries Act. 2009.

 

LIS Notes for Competitive Examinations 1: Baroda and Library Movement

• In 1906-1907 the Maharaja of Baroda Sayajirao Gaekwad III introduced compulsory and free primary education.

• In the same year he conceived the idea of free public library system in all villages and towns of the State of Baroda.
  

• Maharaja insisted that “libraries should not limit their benefits to the few English knowing readers, but should see to it that their good work permeates through to the many”, and that “the vernacular libraries should be encouraged” so that every citizen of the State “may enroll himself as a pupil in the peoples’ university-the library”.

• It was a pioneer movement in India.

• This movement has made 1500 libraries in the state from a single library.

• The Central Library of Baroda was started at Lakshmivilas Palace and later shifted to a newly constructed building at Sarkawada.

• While visited United States Maharaja was impressed by William Alanson Borden, the Librarian at Young Men's  Institute  of New Haven in New Jersey.

• In 1910 W A Borden was invited to Baroda to plan a library system for the state.

• A separate department for libraries was started in 1910 with Mr W A Borden as the full time Director for State Libraries.

• Formally the library movement in India started in the year 1910 with Baroda Library Movement.

• The architect of New Delhi Sir Edward Lutyenc also associated for the creation of the central library.

• The library was commissioned in 1910 and completed in 1931.

• The Maharaja initiated the publication of Gaekwad’s Oriental Series in 1915. 

• Baroda Library Association was started in 1926. Library Associations from Taluk level, organized ‘Mitra Mandal’ (friendly groups in the libraries) in the town and village libraries and organized regular library conferences.

• The Baroda State  launched publication of a quarterly journal called Library Miscellany in English, Gujarati and Marathi in 1912 with Shri J. S. Kodalkar as its first editor. It is the first library journal in India.

• The glorious Baroda Public Library system had diminished after the death of the Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad and reinstated after the implementation of the Gujarat Public Libraries Act in 2001.

National Pollution Control Day

Image courtesy: National Portal of India

National Pollution Control Day is observed on December 2 every year in memory of those who suffered and lost their lives in the horrific Bhopal Gas Tragedy of 1984.