LIS Notes for Copmpetitive Examination - 37:Books and Authors in LIS

 

A Manual of Classification for Librarians: W C B Sayers

Basic Statistics for Librarians: J.D. Brown

Canons of Classification: W C B Sayers

Classification Theoretical and Practical: E C Richadson 

Communication: J. Thompson

Documentation : S C Bradford

Documentation & Organization of Knowledge: J.H. Shera

Documentation and information: B. Guha

Documentation and its facets: S R Ranganathan

Elementary of Library Classification: S R Ranganathan

Encyclopedia of Library & Information Science: Allen Kent

Five Laws of Library Science: S R Ranganathan

Foundation of Education for Librarianship: J.H. Shera

Grammar of Classification: W C B Sayers

India’s National Library: B.S. Kesavan

Introduction to Librarianship: J. K. Gates

Library Glossary & Reference books: L.M. Harrold

Little Science Big Science: Eric Desolla Price

Manual of Library Classification: S R Ranganathan

Manual of Library Economy: Simpson

Organisation of Knowledge in Libraries and the Subject Approach to Books: H E Bliss

Principles of Book Classification: E W Hulme

Putting Knowledge to work: Paulin Atherton

Subject Approach to Information: J D Fosket

The Organization of Knowledge and the system of the Sciences: H E Bliss

LIS Notes for Copmpetitive Examination - 36:First in Library and Information Science in World

 

British Museum: Firstly introduced printed catalog.

DDC 17: “Auxiliary table for area” was first introduced in DDC.

International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) Introduced the concept of Universal Bibliographic Control (UBC).

Great Britain: First library act was enacted.

Singapore: Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) was first started.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)Developed the concept of Common Communication Format (CCF).

LIS Notes for Copmpetitive Examination - 35:Library Commissions and Committees in India

 

	Committees/Commissions	Year	Chairman
	University Education Commission	1948	Dr. S Radhakrishnan
	Library Committee	1957	Dr. S. R. Ranganathan
	Review Committee on Library Science	1961	Dr. S. R. Ranganathan
	Education Commission	1964	Prof. D. S. Kothari
	Mehrotra Committee	1983	R. C. Mehrotra
	Committee on National Network System for	1988	Yash Pal
	University Libraries
	Curriculum Development Committee on Library and Information Science	1990	Prof. P. N. Kaula
	UGC Model Curriculum: Library and Information	2001	Dr. C.R.Karisiddappa

LIS Notes for Copmpetitive Examination - 34:Management Theories and Profounders

 

Theories	Name of Profounder
Father of Scientific Management Principals	F.W. Taylor
Principal of Management	Henry Fayaol
Management by Objective	Peter Drucker
Hierarchy of need Theory	A. Maslaw
Theory X and Theory Y	D. Mcgregor
Motivation Hygiene approach	F. Herzberg
Social Relation Management	Elton Mayo
Psychological factors	Hugo Munsterberg
Human emotions	Mar Parker
Hawthorne studies	Elton Mayo
Humanistic Theory of Learning	Rogers
Management Grid	Robert Blake
Term of scientific Management	Luis Brandies
Task and Bonus	Henry Grant
Bureastic model / System School	Max webar
MBO (Management by Objectives)	P. Drucker
Leadership & Management	Likert
Contingency Style	Fiedler
Managerial grid	Balkes Mouton
Pyramid shape of organizational control	Portrays
Fitness for Use	J. M. Juran

LIS Notes for Copmpetitive Examination - 33 :One word substitute in LIS

 Biblioclast: A destroyer of books

Biblioholism: Loves to purchase, read, store, admire books in excess.

Biblioklept : A Person who Steals books and other material from libraries

Bibliology: A Statistical study of reading materials.

Bibliomania:Passionate enthusiasm for collecting and possessing books

Bibliophobia: A person who scares of books

Bibliopole: A person who deals in Secondhand and rare books

Bibliotherapy: Treatment of patient by using reading material

Bio-bibliography: A list of works written about an author examining the author’s life and work.

Retrospective bibliography: List of Books that published in previous years.

LIS Notes for Copmpetitive Examination - 32:People and Their Contribution in LIS - India

B. S. Jha: Was the chairman of National Library Committee of India.

B.S Kesavan: First Librarian of National Library of India.

D. B. Krishna Rao: First Ph.D. holders in Library Science in India.

E. B. Ross: Provided casual hint to Dr. S. R. Ranganathan that makes the First law of LIS to emerge.

G. Bhattacharya: Developed POPSI.

John Macfarlane: The first librarian of the Imperial Library (now National Library, Kolkata).

Kumudeshar Barthakur: Took leading role for the library movement in Assam.

Nihar Ranjan Roy: He for the first time in India, DDC and AACR rule introduced.

S. R. Ranganathan: Coined the term “Librachine” for mobile libraries.

S. R. Ranganathan: Enunciated the five fundamental categories.

S. R. Ranganathan: Classified documentary sources of information into Conventional, Neo Conventional, Non Conventional and Meta Document.

S. R. Ranganathan: First professionally qualified university librarian in India.

S. R. Ranganathan: Introduced Three card system- (i) Register Card, (ii) Check Card, and (iii) Classified Index Card for periodical registration.

S. R. Ranganathan: First  used the term prenatal cataloguing.

Sam Pitroda: Was the Chairman of the National Knowledge Commission, Govt. of India.

Sayaji Rao Gaekwad III: Made first time efforts for the development of libraries in India.

William Allenson Borden: The disciple of Melvil Dewey who worked in India.

 

LIS Notes for Copmpetitive Examination - 31:People and Their Contribution in LIS - World

A. B. Maslow: Proposed Hygienic factors.

Alan Pritchard: Coined the term “Bibliometrics” in a paper titled “Statistical Bibliography or Bibliometrics?”

Alireza Noruzi: Applies Ranganathan’s Laws to the Web.

Beesman: The propounder of the term information transfer.

Benjamin A. Custer: The Editor in Chief of 19th Edition of DDC.

C. A. Cutter: Invented the Dictionary Catalogue.

C. W. Hanson: Divides documentary sources of information into two categories - Primary and Secondary.

C.E. Shannon & W. Weaver: Proposed Linear model of communication in knowledge based on Aristotles’ model of communication.

Carl Savage: Used the concept “Invisible College” for the first time.

Charles Babbage: Designed analytical engine and Known as the

father of the computer.

Conrad Gesner: He is regarded as father of bibliography.

Denis Grogan: Classifies the documents into three categories-primary, secondary and tertiary.

Derek Austin: Developed PRECIS.

Douglas Mc Gregor: Developed Theory X and Theory Y.

E. C. Richardson: Defined notation as shorthand sign.

E. J. Coats: Coats Subject Indexing.

Edgar. F. Codd: Gives the 12 rules for relational database.

F. Monbrary Volte: The first editor of “Modern Librarian”

F. W. Taylor: The father of Scientific Management.

George Boole: Discussed symbolic logic in “Treatise of differential equation”.

George Kingsely Zipf: Wrote “Psycho-biology of language: An introduction to dynamic philosophy”.

H. Khan and Mann: System analysis has been used first in RAND Corporation.

Haines: Wrote “Living with book”.

Henri Fayol: The father of Classical School of Management.

Henri La Fontaine: Honoured with ‘Nobel Prize’ for his substantial contribution in Documentation,1913 in the category of peace.

J. C. M. Hanson: Devised Library of Congress Classification System.

J. D. Brown: Enunciated the subject Classification.

J. E. L. Farradane: Developed Relational Indexing.

James Duff Brown: The pioneer of open access system in British libraries.

James I. Wyer: Propounded “Conservative, moderate and liberal theories of reference service”.

James R. Rettig: Gave the sixth law of library science “Every reader his/her freedom”

John Cotton Dana: Started Newark Charging system.

John S. Mitchell: The Editor in Chief of 23rd Edition of DDC.

Kaiser: Give the concept of concretes and processes.

Larry Page and Sergey Brain: Developed Google.

Larry Constantine: : Firstly developed Data Flow Diagram (DFD).

M. M. Kessler: Advocated Bibliographic coupling for the first time.

Melvil Dewey: First library school started.

Paul Otlet: He for the first time used the term ‘Documentation’ in a lecture at the International Congress at Brussels.

Luther Gulick: Coined the term “POSDCORB”.

M. M. Kessler: Advocated Bibliographic coupling for the first time.

Martimer Taube: Developed UNITERM.

Mc Colvin: Stated the demand and supply theory of books.

Melville Dewey: Devised DDC system.

Melvin J. Voigt: Categorized information need into current approach, everyday approach, and exhaustive approach.

Michael Gorman: Suggested for Book Order Vigilance Pad (BOVP).

Michael Gorman: Wrote “Our Singular Strengths”

Pascal: Developed Calculating machine.

Patricia B. Knapp: Contributed on the systematic use of user’s education.

Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine: Devised UDC.

Peter A. Phyor: Zero Based Budget.

Peter F. Drucker: Introduced Management by Objectives (MBO).

Richard Matthew Stallman: Founded Free Software Foundation (FSF).

S. Halkett & J. Laing: The author of “Dictionary of anonymous and pseudonymous literature”.

Samuel Clement Bradford: Bradford's Law of Information.

Samuel Rothstein: Given the Minimal, Middling and Maximum theories of reference service.

Shannon and Weaver: Proposed Mathematical Theory of Information.

Ted Nelson: Coined the term Hyper Text.

Tim Berner’s Lee: He firstly designed the World Wide Web (WWW).

William Gibson: Used the term ‘Cyberspace’ for the first time.

LIS Notes for Copmpetitive Examination - 30:Quotes in LIS

 

Francis Bacon: Said that “some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested”.

M. C. Yovits: Stated that Information is data of value to decision making.

Madden, Moon, Moore, Mc Pheron: Stated that “Librarianship is not a profession”.

Melvil Dewey: Quoted “To provide the best books to the maximum readers at the least cost”.

Powell: Stated ”It is a library with little or no physical presence of books, periodicals, reading space or support staff, but are that disseminate disseminate selective information directly to distribute library customers, usually electronically”.

R. Astall: Stated “Special libraries serve a specialist clientèle, located within a single establishment or group and all engaged in working towards one common purpose.”

T. S. Eliot: Stated “Where is the Wisdom, We Lost in Knowledge…”

LIS Notes for Copmpetitive Examination - 29:Mnemonics Devices in Library Classification

 

In library classification, the mnemonics means the power of adding the memory that means some of its notational symbols have more or less the same significance through out the classification schedule. Colon classification scheme is best example of mnemonics. Dr. S R Ranganathan has used four types of mnemonics in colon classification.

(a) verbal mnemonics

(b) schedule mnemonics

(c) seminal mnemonics

(d) systematic mnemonics

Verbal mnemonics

Verbal mnemonics is the letter for notational symbol for a class and subclass. So the verbal mnemonics consist in representing a class by first or more letter generally maximum three letters in the name. First letter should be English capital and after may be small but only alphabet are used. For example

(According to Colon Classification 6.0)

Basmati Rice J381 B

Begmi Rice J381 Be

Scheduled mnemonics 

 

Scheduled mnemonics can be defined a systemic list of divisions, tables or parts of schedules. According to Dr. Ranganathan , “a scheme of classification should include a preliminary set of schedules of isolate likely to occur in any array of some order or other of all or several classes or it should refer any recurrent sets of isolates to the one schedule of them given in connection with an appropriate basic class”.

Scheduled mnemonics consists following devices

(1) Common isolate Device

(2) Geographical Device

(3) Chronological Device

(4) Subject Device

(5) Facet Device

(6) Phase Device

Examples:

Encyclopedia of social science SZk

Flora of India I:12.44

Fauna of India K:12.44

Anatomy of neck L17:2

Anatomy of eye L184:2

Seminal mnemonics

Seminal mnemonics means specified digit should be seminally equivalent to entire schedule that means the same concepts is represented by the same term and also same number in entire schedule, if any conflict occurs, then we simply say that particular classification schedule ignore this concept. In colon classification entire schedule divide into seminal mnemonics such as

Number Meaning

1 Fundamentals, preliminary, persons

2 Structure, parts, forms, constitute

3 Function, syntax, method analysis

4 Fault, disease, pathology

5 Liquid, blood, environment

6 Money, finance, evolution, movement

7 Personality, composition, growth, produce

8 Management, organization

Systematic mnemonics

Systematic mnemonics represent the sequence of isolate in array that means the schedule arrange according to some rules such as later-in-time, arrangement of isolates according any principles. Colon classification gives well defined systematic mnemonics such as in Medicine Main Class(L) the class number arranged according to human body structure from upper parts to lower. Space schedule arranged according to most nearest to far distance. Similarly we can also examine the main class Psychology(S), the personality facet [p] are arranged according to growth such as new born, toddler, boy, middle age and old age.

Source:http://www.lislinks.com/forum/topics/mnemonic-device

LIS Notes for Copmpetitive Examination - 28:Page Rank

  PageRank is an algorithm used by Google Search to rank websites in their search engine results. PageRank was named after Larry Page, one of the founders of Google. PageRank is a way of measuring the importance of website pages. According to Google, “PageRank works by counting the number and quality of links to a page to determine a rough estimate of how important the website is. The underlying assumption is that more important websites are likely to receive more links from other websites.”

LIS Notes for Copmpetitive Examination - 27: Index Indiana

INDEX INDIANA is a publication of Central Reference Library Kolkatta. It is an index to trace the periodical literature appearing in the Indian Language periodicals. The first issue of the Index Indiana appeared as quarterly in 1977 and since 1981 it is being published as annual cumulated volumes. As a beginning 6 languages viz. Bengali, Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi, Tamil and Malayalam periodicals are covered. Indexing articles pertaining to Indian Literature, Social Science, Indian Systems of Medicine, Folk literature, Social Science, Philosophy etc. could be of great help to research scholars. For science and technology etc. such publications are already available. Due to lack of language competent professionals certain languages goes unrepresented occasionally. Efforts are being to include all Indian languages.

This index is divided into three parts - classified part, subject index and author index. The entries are grouped in the classified part according to Dewey Decimal Classification system. The entries under the subject are further arranged by the author and wherever not available then by title. All the entries are serially numbered in the classified part. The name of the authors and titles are given in popular spelling in Roman script but near to their transliterated forms without the use of any diacritical marks. The subject and author indices are linked to these serial numbers.The latest volume published is for the years covering 1999-2003. It is covering only six languages namely Bengali, Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi, Malayalam & Tamil.

LIS Notes for Competitive Examinations 26: International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA)

The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) is the leading international body representing the interests of library and information services and their users. Founded in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 30 September 1927 at an international conference. Its headquarters at the National Library of the Netherlands in The Hague. It has over 1300 Members in approximately 140 countries around the world. IFLA sponsors the annual World Library and Information Congress. IFLA is also part of various developmental activities of Library and Information Services in cooperation with various agencies like UNESCO. The website is http://www.ifla.org/

LIS Notes for Competitive Examinations 25 : Farmington Plan

 The Farmington Plan was developed by American research libraries in order to ensure access to research materials and publications regardless of war or other events around the world. The plan created a cooperative acquisitions program for foreign materials by region and subject. The Farmington Plan was directed from a central office located at the Harvard College Library. This central office was responsible for financial coordination as well as maintaining and collating annual records regarding the plan. The office was initially supported by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and later by the Harvard College Library. Materials were selected and purchased by Farmington Plan Agents in foreign countries, classified, and shipped to participant libraries. The Farmington Plan's origins stemmed from the outbreak of World War II in 1939 and the ensuing lack of access to foreign research materials by American scholars, along with the destruction of many such materials during times of conflict. Between 1939 and 1942 numerous suggestions and plans were put forward on the subject by several prominent American librarians of the time, all of which influenced the form of the plan at its inception.The plan was initiated on October 9, 1942 when an advisory committee met in Farmington, Connecticut to discuss collaborative collection development for preservation and access to foreign materials.At its initial inception, the plan was known as the Proposal for a Division of Responsibility among American Libraries in the Acquisition and Recording of Library Materials and existed as an autonomous entity until it was formally incorporated into the Association of Research Libraries on March 1, 1944.The plan went into decline through the 1960s and was eventually discontinued in 1972.

LIS Notes for Competitive Examinations 24 Shelf List

 A shelf list  is defined as a formal catalog with entries sorted in the same order as the bibliographic items are shelved. That is the catalogue records are arranged by call number. Each title is represented by a card giving the author, title, edition, number of volumes , number of copies , call number and such other items as the library deems necessary.  The shelf list may  serve as the primary inventory for the library .It is also useful for maintaining uniformity in classification; it prevents duplication of book numbers when they are used ; it is an aid in buying, as it shows what works the library has in each class.

Merriam Webster defines Shelf list as - "a record kept on cards of the books and other materials in a library in the order in which they stand on the shelves ".

LIS Notes for Competitive Examinations 23 : Works of Dr. S.R Ranganathan

 

Five Laws of Library Science (1931) 
Colon Classification (1933) 
Classified Catalogue Code (1934) 
Prolegomena to Library Classification (1937) 
Theory of the Library Catalogue (1938) 
Elements of Library Classification (1945) 
Classification and International Documentation (1948)
Classification and Communication (1951) 
Headings and Canons (1955).

LIS Notes for Competitive Examinations 22 : Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records ( FRBR )

 Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records ( FRBR ) is recommended by  International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions ( IFLA ) in 1998  to restructure catalog databases to reflect the conceptual structure of information resources. FRBR uses an entity - relationship model of metadata instead of single flat model which existing catalogue standards followed. The model consists of four levels of representation ; the work (a distinct intellectual or artistic creation),  the expression  (the intellectual or artistic realization of a work ), the manifestation (the physical embodiment of an expression of a work) and  the item (a single exemplar of a manifestation).

FRBR conceptualizes three groups of entities:

Group 1 consists of the products of intellectual or artistic endeavor;  work, expression, manifestation and item (publications).

Group 2 comprises those entities responsible for intellectual or artistic content (a person or corporate body).

Group 3 includes the entities that serve as subjects of intellectual or artistic endeavor (concept, object, event, and place).



Read more: www.oclc.org

LIS Notes for Competitive Examinations 21 : Dewey Decimal Classification ( DDC ) Editions

Full Edition

-------------------
First Edition -1876
Second Edition - 1885
Third Edition - 1888
Fourth Edition - 1891
Fifth Edition - 1894
Sixth Edition - 1899
Seventh Edition - 1911
Eighth Edition - 1913
Ninth Edition - 1915
Tenth Edition - 1919
Eleventh Edition - 1922
Twelfth Edition - 1927
Thirteenth Edition - 1932
Fourteenth Edition - 1942
Fifteenth Edition - 1951
Sixteenth Edition - 1958
Seventeenth Edition - 1965
Eighteenth Edition - 1971
Nineteenth Edition - 1979
Twentieth Edition - 1989
Twenty First Edition - 1996
Twenty Second Edition - 2003
Twenty Third Edition - 2011

Abridged Editions
-------------------------------
First Edition - 1895
Second Edition - 1915
Third Edition - 1926
Fourth Edition - 1929
Fifth Edition - 1936
Sixth Edition - 1945
Seventh Edition - 1953
Eighth Edition - 1959
Ninth Edition - 1965
Tenth Edition - 1971
Eleventh Edition - 1979
Twelfth Edition - 1990
Thirteenth Edition - 1997
Fourteenth Edition - 2004
Fufteenth Edition - 2012

LIS Notes for Competitive Examinations 20 : Mode of Formation of Subjects

 The Mode of Formation of Subjects studied how new subjects are formed in the universe of knowledge. The idea of Mode of Formation of Subjects was first put forward by Dr S R Ranganathan in 1950. It helps the classificationist to know how new subjects are formed from existing one and interrelationship between subjects and helps to device library classification schemes . The study serve as preliminary to the theory of freely- faceted classification.  It has been found useful in teaching and learning the subject of study.

Scope of the Study
------------------------------
1) The study  of Mode of Formation of Subjects serve as preliminary to the theory of freely- faceted classification.
2)The study helps to map subjects in the universe of knowledge.
3) The study enables the prediction and understanding of various kinds of interrelations between subject and their components.
5) The study helps to device new classification schemes and revision of existing schemes.
6) The study is useful in teaching and learning the subject of study.

Dr Ranganathan first put forward four types of Mode of Formation of Subjects;

1) Dissection
It is cutting a universe of entities into parts of coordinate status. For example Universe of Life Science will be divided into Botany and Zoology. The entity of India is divided into Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamilnadu, etc.

2) Denudation
It is Progressive decrease of extension and Increase of intention or with of a basic subject or isolate Idea. For example The World ➡ Asia➡ India➡Tamilnadu➡Madurai

3) Lamination
In this mode a subject is formed overlaying facet on facet. For example Agriculture in India.

4) Loose Assemblage
A complex subject is formed by the combination of two or more subject (simple or compound subject) or two or more facet.

M P Gopinath and S Seetharama further broadened the four mode of formation of subject by Ranganathan. They are; Fission, Fusion, Distillation, Lamination, Agglomeration, Loose Assemblage and
Cluster.

1) Fission
 In this  mode of formation  a basic subject or an isolate is split into subdivision which is commonly known as fragmentation. Fission can be divided into two;
a) Fission of basic subject : In this primary basic subject is divided in to secondary basic subject having coordinate status. For example Biology is divided in to Botany and Zoology.
 b) Fission of isolate ideas: In this mode isolate ideas such as geographical division is considering. It can be following four ways;
▪ As an array of division like Asia is divided in to China, India, Iran, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, etc.
▪ As the combination of a principal isolate and a speciator. For example Car - Ford, here Car is a principle isolate and Ford is a speciator.
▪ Dissection is the array of division of an isolate or a basic subject resulting from fission.
▪ One and only one subdivision of an isolate or a basic subject resulting from fission.

2) Fusion
In this form of mode two or more primary basic subjects are fused together in such a way that each of them loses its individuality with respect to the schedule of isolates needed to form the compound subject going with it. This gives rise to a new primary basic subject eg. Biochemistry is a primary basic subject achieved by the fusion of Biology and Chemistry.

3) Distillation
In this form of mode a pure discipline is evolved as primary basic subject from its appearance-in-action in diverse compound subject going with either different basic subject or one and the same basic subject. Distillation gives rise to primary basic subject. For Example Microbiology and Forestry

4) Lamination
Lamination is of two types

a) Lamination 1: In this form of mode “one or more isolate facets are combined with a basic subject giving rise to a compound subject”. Eg. Botany Morphology

b) Lamination 2: In this form of mode

i) Two or more species of basic subject going with the same primary basic subject are compounded over one another, giving rise to a compound basic subject.

ii) Two or more isolates from the same schedule of isolates are compounded, giving rise to the compound isolate. Eg. Urban youths

5)Agglomeration
It  is the process of the collecting together of entities into large masses without cohesion among the components. An agglomeration can be a basic subject or it can also be an isolate idea. Agglomeration may be made up of consecutive constituent or even non-consecutive constituents.

Example: Agglomeration of kind 1: Natural sciences

Example: Agglomeration of kind 2: History and Economics


6) Loose Assemblage: There are three different modes of formation of subject by loose assemblage i.e

a) Loose Assemblage 1: In this mode of formation, two or more subjects – simple or compound are studied in their mutual relation. Such a relation is called inter subject phase relation and gives rise to a complex subject. The phase relations taken under this mode of formation are –

i) General Relation: Example: The relation of mathematics and biology

ii) Bias: Example: Physics bias to biology

iii) Comparison: Example: Physics compared with chemistry

iv) Difference: Example: The difference between physics and chemistry

v) Influence: Example: The influence of physics on biology

vi) Tool: Here one subject may be used as a tool for studying another subject. Example: The application of statistics to the study of library science.

b) Loose Assemblage 2: In this mode of formation two or more isolate from one and the same schedule are brought into mutual relation. Such a relation is called the inter – schedule phase relation and give rise to a complex isolate. The phase relations taken under this mode of formation are –

i) General Relation: Example: The relation between Jainism and Hinduism

ii) Bias: Example: Bias of Bernard show to Shakespeare.

iii) Comparison: Example: The comparison between Hinduism and Buddhism

iv) Difference: Example: The difference between Hinduism and Buddhism

v) Tool

c) Loose Assemblage 3: In this mode of formation “two or more isolate taken from the one and the same array of order higher than 1 in one and the same schedule are brought into mutual relation”. Such a relation is called the “inter-array-phase relation” and gives rise to a complex isolate. The phase relations taken under this mode of formation are –

i) General: Example: The relation between UDC and DDC

ii) Bias: Example: The bias of UDC towards DDC

iii) Comparison: Example: CC compared with DDC

iv)  Difference: Example: The difference between CC and DDC

v) Influence: Example: The influence of CC on DDC

vi) Tool



7) Cluster
In the cluster form of mode, “several specialized studies on a particular phenomenon or an entity are gathered together into a field of study”. It is also known as subject bundle. Examples Social Science, Natural Science.

LIS Notes for Competitive Examinations 19 : Pre - natal Cataloguing

The term prenatal cataloguing was first used by Dr S R Ranganathan. 'Pre-natal' means before birth. Pre-natal cataloguing generally refers to the books catalogued prior to the publication of  books. It is also known as Cataloguing in Publication ( CIP ) or Cataloguing in Source. In this Process the cataloguing work is done by the National Library of a country before the book published by the publisher. This is done with the help of a copy of the form proof of each book sent by the publisher to the central library. The National  Library prepares a muster stencil of the catalogue cards for each book before its release. The catalogue cards are later made available for distribution to libraries on order along with the release of books themselves, Call numbers are also printed on the back of the title page. It helps libraries to get catalogue from the book itself. According to Dr Ranganathan, pre-natal cataloguing helps to saving 79% in the technical manpower of large library systems.

 The Cataloguing in Publication (CIP) programme was first initiated by Library of Congress  1971 with 27 participating publishers. The process of classification and cataloguing of a publication is done before the book is released. The cataloguing data provided by the Library of Congress is printed on the reverse of the title page which helps the individual libraries in copying down the data on their catalogue card.

Whereas the importance of this process is outdated by the introduction of WorldCat by the OCLC. It provides catalogue of millions of records free of cost world wide online.

 

LIS Notes for Competitive Examinations 18 : FAST (Faceted Application of Subject Terminology)

 FAST (Faceted Application of Subject Terminology) is derived from the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH), one of the library domain’s most widely used subject terminology schemas. The development of FAST has been a collaboration of OCLC Research and the Library of Congress. Work on FAST began in late 1998.

FAST has been developed in large part to meet the need for a general-use subject terminology scheme, which is:

• simple to learn and apply,

• faceted-navigation-friendly, and

• modern in its design.

The broad purpose of adapting the LCSH with a simplified syntax to create FAST is to retain the very rich vocabulary of LCSH while making the schema easier to understand, control, apply, and use. The schema maintains upward compatibility with LCSH, and any valid set of LC subject headings can be converted to FAST headings.

FAST is a nine-facet vocabulary with a universe of approximately 1.8 million headings across all facets. The facets are designed to be used in tandem, but each may also be used independently. The rules of application are very simple.

Background

With the rapid growth of digital information, came a need for a simplified indexing schema, which could be assigned and used by non-professional catalogers or indexers.

The origin of FAST can be traced to observations by OCLC Research staff involved with the OCLC Cooperative Online Resource Catalog (CORC) project, which focused on the cataloging of web resources. CORC participants typically wanted to be able to adopt simple, low-cost, low-effort approaches to describing web resources (e.g., using Dublin Core). In the course of the CORC project, it became clear that a significant barrier to minimal-effort resource description was the lack of an easy-to-learn and apply general subject vocabulary.

Additionally, work during the same time period by the Subcommittee on Metadata and Subject Analysis of the Association for Library Collections and Technical Services’ Subject Access Committee identified specific functional requirements of subject data in the metadata record (ALCTS 1999), and these requirements mapped well to the intended outcomes of what would become the FAST project.

Impact

A family of nine modular, complementary vocabularies designed to support faceted retrieval, FAST represents a well-designed, professionally stewarded controlled vocabulary set that carries a modest initial training burden and operational overhead comparable to keyword indexing. This combination of attributes, along with a design and implementation that make FAST well-suited for linked data applications, provide a viable and far superior alternative to key word indexing or other uncontrolled approaches.

FAST is used by a variety of libraries and other organizations to provide subject indexing of print and digital resources.

Details

In developing FAST, the primary objectives were (1) compatibility with existing metadata, (2) ease of assignment, (3) retrieval effectiveness, (4) cost of maintenance, and (5) semantic interoperability. The development team determined that these objectives could best be satisfied by a fully enumerative faceted subject heading schema derived from the Library of Congress Subject Headings.

The individual terms in the FAST vocabulary are divided into nine distinct categories or facets: Personal names, Corporate names, Meeting names, Geographic names, Events, Titles, Time periods, Topics, and Form/Genre.

As a fully enumerative system, all subject headings are established with authority records eliminating the need to synthesize headings according to a complex set of syntax rules

The FAST authority file contains over 1,800,000 authority records

Source: oclc.org